SPARQL Queries

zelph includes a SPARQL query interface: you can query any zelph network — not just Wikidata imports — using a substantial subset of the standard SPARQL query language. This page describes the feature from a user's perspective: how to enable it, what is supported, and what to expect in terms of performance.

Why an Import Is Required

The SPARQL support is not built into the zelph core. It is implemented entirely in Janet, zelph's embedded scripting language, in the script stdlib/sparql.zph. The script uses Janet's Parsing Expression Grammars to parse SPARQL, translates the query into zelph's native query and closure primitives, and registers the sparql keyword in the REPL.

To enable SPARQL in a session, import the script once:

.import sparql

This design is deliberate. The zelph core knows nothing about SPARQL — the entire query language is layered on top of the public Janet API (zelph/query, zelph/closure, zelph/register-keyword, and friends). This demonstrates how far zelph can be extended programmatically without touching the C++ engine, and it means you can read, modify, or extend the SPARQL implementation yourself: it is an ordinary script.

Not Wikidata-Specific

Although the script contains convenience handling for Wikidata prefixes (wd:, wdt:, p:, pq:, and so on — see below), the SPARQL engine itself is generic. It queries whatever facts exist in the current zelph network, whether they came from a Wikidata dump, one of your own .zph scripts, or programmatic Janet code. Any IRI or prefixed name that is not a known Wikidata prefix is simply treated as a node name in the current language.

Getting Started

Load a network, import the script, then type sparql and paste your query. An empty line executes it:

zelph> .load /path/to/wikidata-20260309-all-pruned.bin
zelph> .import sparql
"SPARQL subset loaded. Type 'sparql', paste your query, finish with an empty line."
zelph-> sparql
SELECT ?x WHERE { ?x wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . }

Blank lines inside a pasted query (for example between the PREFIX prologue and the SELECT) are harmless: the handler only executes once the query is structurally complete (a SELECT has been seen and all braces are balanced). Two consecutive blank lines force execution, which is useful to surface a syntax error in an incomplete paste.

Results are printed as tab-separated rows. For nodes that carry names, both the Wikidata ID and the English label are shown when available, e.g. Q703534 (employee).

Supported Subset

Feature	Notes
`SELECT` / `SELECT DISTINCT`	Variable list or `*`
Basic graph patterns	Triple patterns, `;` property lists, `,` object lists
Variables in predicate position	e.g. `wd:Q1 ?p ?o`
Property paths	One-or-more `+`, zero-or-more ``, and sequences with `/` (e.g. `wdt:P31/wdt:P279`)
`OPTIONAL`	Evaluated correlated with the outer pattern
`MINUS`	Evaluated correlated (i.e. `FILTER NOT EXISTS` semantics — identical for the typical query class)
`UNION`	Any number of branches
`FILTER`	Single comparisons (`= != < > <= >=`) over variables, literals, numbers; `str()` and `lang()`
Subqueries	Including nested subqueries
`GROUP BY` + `COUNT`	Also `COUNT(DISTINCT ?x)`
`ORDER BY`	`ASC(?x)` / `DESC(?x)`
`LIMIT`
`PREFIX`	Custom prefixes expand to full IRIs

Not supported (rejected with an error): BIND, VALUES, SERVICE, CONSTRUCT, DESCRIBE, GRAPH, HAVING. A property path with * where both ends are unbound is also rejected, since it would trivially relate every node to itself.

A note on lang(): zelph models labels through its language system rather than as rdfs:label triples, so lang() always yields the empty string. The common label idiom OPTIONAL { ?x rdfs:label ?l . FILTER (lang(?l) = "en") } is accepted and the rows survive; labels appear in the output automatically via zelph's name system instead.

Prefix Handling and Languages

The well-known Wikidata prefixes resolve directly to nodes in zelph's wikidata language, independent of the current .lang setting — you do not need to switch languages before querying:

SPARQL prefix	Resolves to
`wd:`, `wdt:`	Bare IDs (`Q5`, `P279`) — the direct-triple layer
`p:`, `ps:`, `pq:`	Prefixed statement-layer names (`p:P2738`, `ps:P2738`, `pq:P11260`)
`wikibase:`	e.g. `wikibase:rank`, `wikibase:DeprecatedRank`

The statement-layer names exist in a network once qualifiers have been imported — see Wikidata Qualifiers. Keeping the RDF prefix as part of the node name ensures that transitive closures like wdt:P279+ can never leak into statement nodes.

PREFIX declarations in the query expand to full IRIs; the well-known Wikidata IRI prefixes (http://www.wikidata.org/entity/ etc.) are then mapped the same way. Everything else is treated as a plain node name in the current language.

Performance and the Adjacency Index

Transitive property paths (+, *) are evaluated by a native closure engine in the zelph core. The first time a closure runs over a given predicate, zelph builds an adjacency index over all relation nodes of that predicate and saves it next to the loaded .bin file as <file>.bin.pidx.<id> (where <id> is the internal node ID of the predicate):

Building adjacency index over 1193229 relation nodes (24 thread(s))...
Adjacency index ready: 1117131 edges.
Saved adjacency index to /path/to/file.bin.pidx.322 (1117131 edges).

This is a one-time cost per predicate and file. All subsequent queries that traverse the same predicate — in the same session or a later one — reuse the index and skip the build step entirely. On the full Wikidata network, the effect is substantial.

Beyond the index, the evaluator applies several optimizations transparently, most notably closure intersection: when several transitive steps constrain the same variable (the typical shape of disjointness queries), only the smallest closure is enumerated and the others act as membership filters.

Queries that are infeasible on public SPARQL endpoints due to timeouts can succeed here, because the entire network resides in local memory and closures are computed natively. See the example session below for a real disjointness-culprit query.

Profiling

To see where time is spent, enable phase profiling:

%(set sparql-profile true)

Every evaluation phase that takes longer than 1 ms then prints a line with its duration and row counts (closure bwd Q215627, minus-join 18933x20628, …). Disable with %(set sparql-profile false).

Complete Example Session

The following is an unedited session running one of the disjointness-culprit queries from Doğan & Patel-Schneider (2024) — find all classes that are subclasses of both profession (Q215627) and organization (Q43229), reporting only the topmost culprits. It was run on the pruned database so the result list stays reasonably short for this page; on the full database, the same query completes in a time comparable to the same query on QLever. Note the adjacency index being built on the first run and reused on the second.

❯ build-release/bin/zelph
zelph 0.9.7
-- REPL mode - type .help for commands, .quit to exit --

zelph> .load /home/stefan/zelph/wikidata-20260309-all.bin
Auto-run has been disabled due to loading a large dataset.
Number of nodes prior import: 15
Loading network from /home/stefan/zelph/wikidata-20260309-all.bin...
Loading: left chunks=984, right chunks=984, nameOfNode chunks=204, nodeOfName chunks=204
.....
String pool size after load: 202492796
Cache loaded successfully.
 Time needed for loading/importing: 0h38m39.805s
-- 38m39.812s --
zelph-> .stat
Network Statistics:
------------------------
Nodes: 983424620
RAM Usage: 221.1 GiB
Name-of-Node Entries by language:
  wikidata: 119231266
  en: 83261799
Node-of-Name Entries by language:
  wikidata: 119231266
  en: 83261799
Languages: 2
Rules: 0
------------------------
zelph-> .import sparql
Importing file /media/stefan/data/Documents/git/my-projects/acrion/zelph/build-release/bin/stdlib/sparql.zph...
"SPARQL subset loaded. Type 'sparql', paste your query, finish with an empty line."
-- 23 ms --
zelph-> %(set sparql-profile true)
true
zelph-> sparql
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?class WHERE {
  ?class wdt:P279+ wd:Q215627 .
  ?class wdt:P279+ wd:Q43229 .
  MINUS {
    ?class wdt:P279 ?parent .
    ?parent wdt:P279+ wd:Q215627 .
    ?parent wdt:P279+ wd:Q43229 .
  }
}

Building adjacency index over 5166340 relation nodes (24 thread(s))...
Adjacency index ready: 5166316 edges.
Saved adjacency index to /home/stefan/zelph/wikidata-20260309-all.bin.pidx.322 (5166316 edges).
[sparql  57.741s] closure bwd Q215627
[sparql   0.034s] closure bwd Q43229
[sparql  58.057s] closure-intersection ?class (2 steps)
[sparql   0.451s] bgp 1 triple(s) over 143082 sol(s)
[sparql   0.089s] path-step over 160466 sol(s)
[sparql   0.092s] path-step over 159063 sol(s)
[sparql   0.632s] minus inner (143082 seeds)
[sparql   0.119s] minus-join 143082x152822
[sparql  58.826s] total eval
?class
Q10870991 (host)
Q135778122
Q11812495
Q135778356 (continuing agency)
Q137602928 (SomosNosotros)
Q2289279 (point of contact)
Q137826327 (musical group, band, or musician)
Q1020480 (B\u00fcdner)
Q1097498
Q96409555 (The Purple Parade)
Q1404015 (Fellagha)
Q15954537 (Battle buddy)
Q7933191 (armed non-state actor)
Q15080920 (reseller)
Q244655 (indigo children)
Q113546431 (grand niece-in-law)
Q584205 (nontrinitarianism)
Q24204895 (art director)
Q15846423 (President of the German Esperanto Youth)
Q2818964 (various authors)
Q118289795 (Indian independent music producer)
Q1759246 (theatrical producer)
Q713223 (artist-in-residence)
Q108475169 (hologram artist)
Q12773225 (slave)
Q86348613 (camp police)
Q4775051 (Antiochian Greeks)
Q3192472 (Mimika people)
Q116753281 (Chairperson LC5)
Q834818
Q136018304 (salafist)
Q20987265 (single mother)
Q66372681 (single father)
Q6011525 (Mestizos and castas in New Spain)
Q201559 (privateer)
Q131468512 (ultras)
Q136431541 (illicit massage industry)
Q963251 (Muladi)
Q217731 (hajduk)
Q137795660 (criminal duo)
Q130412841
Q104772439 (nephew-in-law or niece-in-law)
Q16658574 (sibling-in-law)
Q11425649 (b\u014dmori)
Q159438 (Hero City of the Soviet Union)
Q703534 (employee)
Q2576826 (Rubber soldiers)
Q5656781 (Haredi burqa sect)
Q110291311 (niece-in-law)
Q701165 (maquis)
Q15622260 (Opryshoks)
Q1073921 (50 Cent Party)
Q111597957 (anti-transgender activist)
Q84062072
Q48300914 (Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers\u2019 Party of Korea)
Q2533745
Q63433867 (court photographer)
Q1304271 (one-man band)
Q2146905 (revival)
Q17078348 (revivalist artist)
Q24937040 (Italian Service Units)
Q58843 (Tuareg Amazighs)
Q7855428 (Turkmen tribes)
Q1783660 (Saraguros)
Q610246 (Pampa people)
Q115943090
Q9360572
Q85988541
Q28110448
Q56576187
Q5771051
Q725340 (ashigaru)
Q11488703 (kachi)
Q2927809 (buke)
Q11667963 (umamawari)
Q1074665 (mounted archery)
Q250895 (eagle warrior)
Q1029421 (prostitution of children)
Q3395925 (Ujana)
Q110291310 (nephew-in-law)
Q2166675 (tulpa)
Q110292096 (first cousin in-law)
Q138001889 (uncle-in-law or aunt-in-law)
Q3809586 (Wikimedian in residence)
Q15897777 (Japanese student in Tang China)
Q130539291 (Women in mafia and antimafia)
Q20746742 (adoptive parent)
Q61889487 (disability rights organization)
Q62033092 (Member of the States of Jersey)
Q12868609 (sazanda)
Q134793183 (vocal contractor)
Q138304223 (VTuber Group)
Q1144579 (Doukhobors)
Q107410977 (Amazigh tribe)
Q1932580 (Mozabite people)
Q357670 (Adivasi)
Q16147340 (Maori Muslims)
Q10658390 (rescue diver)
Q10274748 (escriv\u00e3o de pol\u00edcia)
Q125954719 (Antifa movement in France)
Q3684723 (prefectural commissioner)
Q6954191 (NHS primary care trust)
Q327591
Q113264255 (politician before the emergence of political parties)
Q42898653 (Member of the Uitvoerend Bewind)
Q543219 (pharmacy technician)
Q11974939 (health professional)
Q10329551 (Formal freelancer)
Q813385 (Beauftragter der Bundesregierung f\u00fcr Informationstechnik)
Q12836422 (Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic)
Q2630843 (Albazinians)
Q97302076
Q12885585 (Native American tribe)
Q115791109 (treaty society)
Q61322685 (Hispano-Visigoths)
Q115673542
Q11504600 (hatamoto yakko)
Q30185
Q113958153 (Vocera de Salinas Priego)
Q1266169 (telephone company)
Q5453438 (First Nations in Alberta)
Q5747846 (vivandi\u00e8re)
Q6680232 (Lord of Bowland)
Q21531924 (ironmonger)
Q2061864 (caravan dweller)
Q133744 (tour operator)
Q135272969
Q2563546 (investment firm)
Q122294913 (map data distributor)
Q87468125
Q76003093 (Collective contract shopping)
Q2538889 (weapons manufacturing company)
Q2516794 (publisher's bookshop)
Q2731013 (infrastructure fund)
Q3030771 (book distributor)
Q1187145 (credit bureau)
Q11614001 (funadon'ya)
Q20044971 (shomotsu don'ya)
Q11424445 (jihon don'ya)
Q56304483 (magazine and newspaper publisher)
Q11569980
-- 141 result(s) --
-- 58.838 s --
zelph-> sparql
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?class WHERE {
  ?class wdt:P279+ wd:Q215627 .
  ?class wdt:P279+ wd:Q43229 .
  MINUS {
    ?class wdt:P279 ?parent .
    ?parent wdt:P279+ wd:Q215627 .
    ?parent wdt:P279+ wd:Q43229 .
  }
}

[sparql   0.399s] closure bwd Q215627
[sparql   0.030s] closure bwd Q43229
[sparql   0.615s] closure-intersection ?class (2 steps)
[sparql   0.521s] bgp 1 triple(s) over 143082 sol(s)
[sparql   0.094s] path-step over 160466 sol(s)
[sparql   0.094s] path-step over 159063 sol(s)
[sparql   0.710s] minus inner (143082 seeds)
[sparql   0.117s] minus-join 143082x152822
[sparql   1.442s] total eval
?class
Q10870991 (host)
Q135778122
Q11812495
Q135778356 (continuing agency)
Q137602928 (SomosNosotros)
Q2289279 (point of contact)
Q137826327 (musical group, band, or musician)
Q1020480 (B\u00fcdner)
Q1097498
Q96409555 (The Purple Parade)
Q1404015 (Fellagha)
Q15954537 (Battle buddy)
Q7933191 (armed non-state actor)
Q15080920 (reseller)
Q244655 (indigo children)
Q113546431 (grand niece-in-law)
Q584205 (nontrinitarianism)
Q24204895 (art director)
Q15846423 (President of the German Esperanto Youth)
Q2818964 (various authors)
Q118289795 (Indian independent music producer)
Q1759246 (theatrical producer)
Q713223 (artist-in-residence)
Q108475169 (hologram artist)
Q12773225 (slave)
Q86348613 (camp police)
Q4775051 (Antiochian Greeks)
Q3192472 (Mimika people)
Q116753281 (Chairperson LC5)
Q834818
Q136018304 (salafist)
Q20987265 (single mother)
Q66372681 (single father)
Q6011525 (Mestizos and castas in New Spain)
Q201559 (privateer)
Q131468512 (ultras)
Q136431541 (illicit massage industry)
Q963251 (Muladi)
Q217731 (hajduk)
Q137795660 (criminal duo)
Q130412841
Q104772439 (nephew-in-law or niece-in-law)
Q16658574 (sibling-in-law)
Q11425649 (b\u014dmori)
Q159438 (Hero City of the Soviet Union)
Q703534 (employee)
Q2576826 (Rubber soldiers)
Q5656781 (Haredi burqa sect)
Q110291311 (niece-in-law)
Q701165 (maquis)
Q15622260 (Opryshoks)
Q1073921 (50 Cent Party)
Q111597957 (anti-transgender activist)
Q84062072
Q48300914 (Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers\u2019 Party of Korea)
Q2533745
Q63433867 (court photographer)
Q1304271 (one-man band)
Q2146905 (revival)
Q17078348 (revivalist artist)
Q24937040 (Italian Service Units)
Q58843 (Tuareg Amazighs)
Q7855428 (Turkmen tribes)
Q1783660 (Saraguros)
Q610246 (Pampa people)
Q115943090
Q9360572
Q85988541
Q28110448
Q56576187
Q5771051
Q725340 (ashigaru)
Q11488703 (kachi)
Q2927809 (buke)
Q11667963 (umamawari)
Q1074665 (mounted archery)
Q250895 (eagle warrior)
Q1029421 (prostitution of children)
Q3395925 (Ujana)
Q110291310 (nephew-in-law)
Q2166675 (tulpa)
Q110292096 (first cousin in-law)
Q138001889 (uncle-in-law or aunt-in-law)
Q3809586 (Wikimedian in residence)
Q15897777 (Japanese student in Tang China)
Q130539291 (Women in mafia and antimafia)
Q20746742 (adoptive parent)
Q61889487 (disability rights organization)
Q62033092 (Member of the States of Jersey)
Q12868609 (sazanda)
Q134793183 (vocal contractor)
Q138304223 (VTuber Group)
Q1144579 (Doukhobors)
Q107410977 (Amazigh tribe)
Q1932580 (Mozabite people)
Q357670 (Adivasi)
Q16147340 (Maori Muslims)
Q10658390 (rescue diver)
Q10274748 (escriv\u00e3o de pol\u00edcia)
Q125954719 (Antifa movement in France)
Q3684723 (prefectural commissioner)
Q6954191 (NHS primary care trust)
Q327591
Q113264255 (politician before the emergence of political parties)
Q42898653 (Member of the Uitvoerend Bewind)
Q543219 (pharmacy technician)
Q11974939 (health professional)
Q10329551 (Formal freelancer)
Q813385 (Beauftragter der Bundesregierung f\u00fcr Informationstechnik)
Q12836422 (Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic)
Q2630843 (Albazinians)
Q97302076
Q12885585 (Native American tribe)
Q115791109 (treaty society)
Q61322685 (Hispano-Visigoths)
Q115673542
Q11504600 (hatamoto yakko)
Q30185
Q113958153 (Vocera de Salinas Priego)
Q1266169 (telephone company)
Q5453438 (First Nations in Alberta)
Q5747846 (vivandi\u00e8re)
Q6680232 (Lord of Bowland)
Q21531924 (ironmonger)
Q2061864 (caravan dweller)
Q133744 (tour operator)
Q135272969
Q2563546 (investment firm)
Q122294913 (map data distributor)
Q87468125
Q76003093 (Collective contract shopping)
Q2538889 (weapons manufacturing company)
Q2516794 (publisher's bookshop)
Q2731013 (infrastructure fund)
Q3030771 (book distributor)
Q1187145 (credit bureau)
Q11614001 (funadon'ya)
Q20044971 (shomotsu don'ya)
Q11424445 (jihon don'ya)
Q56304483 (magazine and newspaper publisher)
Q11569980
-- 141 result(s) --
-- 1.442 s --
zelph-> .quit


❯ stat /home/stefan/zelph/wikidata-20260309-all-pruned.bin.pidx.322
  File: /home/stefan/zelph/wikidata-20260309-all-pruned.bin.pidx.322
  Size: 17874144    Blocks: 10961      IO Block: 131072 regular file
Device: 0,51    Inode: 1479309     Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 1001/  stefan)   Gid: ( 1001/  stefan)
Access: 2026-07-02 23:47:31.446379174 +0200
Modify: 2026-07-02 23:47:31.449712597 +0200
Change: 2026-07-02 23:47:31.449712597 +0200
 Birth: 2026-07-02 23:47:31.446379174 +0200

❯